????

????
	??????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????
????????????????????????? ??????????
	??????????? ??????????
?????????????????????
????:	Animalia
?????????????:	Chordata
???????????:	Mammalia
????????:	Artiodactyla
?????????:	Bovidae
????????????:	Bovinae
?????????:	Bovini
???????:	Bos
?????????:	B. taurus
??????
	Bos taurus; Linnaeus, 1758
	Bovine distribution
Synonyms
	Bos primigenius taurus; Bos longifrons7;

百度责任编辑：声明：版权作品，未经《环球人物》书面授权，严禁转载，违者将被追究法律责任。

??????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????????^[?] ???????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????^[?] ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? Bovinae ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?.? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????

??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? (cowbell) ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????

???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????^[?] ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? cowboy ??? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????

????????

????????????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????

??????????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????

??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????

???????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????^[?]

?????????? ??????????

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?????????^[?]

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?????????????
????????????????^[?]

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???????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ???????

??????? ???? ??????????????????????? ??????????? Bos taurus; Bos indicus ????? ??????????????????????? Bos primigenius ???? ???????? Bos taurus ??? ??????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????? Bos indicus ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? Bos primigenius ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? Bos taurus ??????????? ??????????? Bos taurus primigenius, Bos taurus indicus, Bos taurus taurus ????????????????????? ???????????????????????

???????????? Aurochs ??? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????^[?] ????????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? Heck cattle ???????? ???????????????

???????

????? (???????????????? ???????) ??? cow, ?????????? bull, ??????? ????? ????????? cattle ???????? cattle ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? 牛 niú ????? ???????? うし, ushi, ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? lembu ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????????

????????????????

???? cattle ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? cow ??? ????? ??????? bull ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? cows ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??????????

Cattle ??? bovine ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????-??????? catel ?? ????????? ??? catel ??????? ???????? ?????? capitale (?????????)?? ?????? capitale ??????? ???????????? caput ?? ?????? Cattle ? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? (??????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????) ????????? ??????????? ?????? Chattel (????????????? ?????) ? ????? ??????? ????????????????? capitale ????? ????????????? ??????????????????? feoh (cattle, property) ????? ???????????????? ??????? fee ??????????

Cow ??????????? ????????? ??????-????? gous ??? ????????-??????? cu (?????????? cy)??????? ?????? ??????? gav ????? go- ???? buwch ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? cy ??? ????????????????????? ki or kie ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? kine, kien, kies, kuin ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? kine ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? coo or cou ??????? ????????????? kye ????

????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? cattle ??? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? Wild cattle ??? ???????????????????????? Bos ????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? cattle ? ???????????????????? ??????????? bovines ??????? ????????????? ????????????

?????? ????????????

???????? ??????? ???????? ????????
?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????
???????????? ??????????????? ????????
??????????? ???????????? ????????
???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????
??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????
????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????
????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????
???????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????? ????????
?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????
???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????
????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????
????? ?????????? ????? ????????
?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????
???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????^[?]^[?]

?????????

?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ?????????????^[?]

??????????? (????????????) ??? ????? bull ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? micky ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? bovine ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? maverick ????????
????????????? calf ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? cow ????????
??????????? ?????????????? ????????^[?] ????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? heifer ????????^[?] ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? first-calf heifer ????????

?????? ????????????????? ?????????????? calves ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? feeder calves ???? feeders ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? yearlings ????????? stirks ?? ??????????^[??]
???????????? ???? (????????) ??? ???????????? ?????? steer ???????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? bullocks ?? ?????? ????????^[??] ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? Piker bullocks ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????? micky bulls ??? ???????? micky bulls ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? Japanese ox ??? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????????????????? ??????????????? steers ??? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? draft cattle ??? working steers ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? stag ?? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? (??????????????)??? rig ?????? ????????
????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ox (?????????? oxen) ?? ???????? ox ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ox-hide, ???????? ox-blood, ???????? oxtail, ????????? ox-liver?^[?]
Springer ??? ?????????????? ????????? cow ????????? heifer ????????^[??]
???????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? freemartin ????????
Neatsfood oil ??? ????????????? ???????? Neat, ?????????? ??????? beef ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? beefing ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????? poll, pollard ????? polled cattle ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????
????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? beef cattle ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ?????? beef (?????????? beeves)????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? beast ????????? ????????^[??]
???????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? milking ?? ??????????? dairy cattle ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? house cow or milker ?? ???????? ???????? Fresh cow ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????
?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? bovine - ????????????????? ???????? Bull, cow ????? calf ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????

???????????

???????

↑ ^?.? ^?.? ^?.? ^?.? ?????????? (???-????????) (????? ????). "???????????? ???????????????" (in My). ???????????????????????? ??? (???? ??????): ???-???. ??????????????.
↑ ????????????????????? ??/???? (????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????)?
↑ ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
↑ Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. De Oeros – Het spoor terug (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by The Extinction Website: Bos primigenius primigenius. 20 April 2009 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? .
↑ ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????
↑ iAbidan, ?????????-?????? ???????
↑ Cattle Terminology? experiencefestival.com? 1 April 2008 ???? ????????? ?????????????????
↑ "Definition of heifer"? Merriam-Webster? 22 August 2007 ???? ???????? ???????????????? ? 29 November 2006 ???? ????????????
↑ ^?.? ^?.? Delbridge, Arthur, The Macquarie Dictionary, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991
↑ McIntosh, E., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Clarendon Press, 1967
↑ Delbridge, A, et al., Macquarie Dictionary, The Book Printer, Australia, 1991
↑ FAQs: What is meant by springer cows and heifers? 7 July 2010 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ., Dr. Rick Rasby, Professor of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 6 September 2005. Retrieved: 12 August 2010.
↑ UK Daily Mirror article 5 Jan 2015 7 November 2016 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? . Retrieved on 6 November 2016

?????????????

Bhattacharya, S. 2003. Cattle ownership makes it a man's world 7 October 2008 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? .. Newscientist.com. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
Cattle Today (CT). 2006. Website. Breeds of cattle. Cattle Today. Retrieved 26 December 2006
Clay, J. 2004. World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-370-0.
Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63495-4.
Purdy? Herman R.; R. John Dawes; Dr. Robert Hough (2008)? Breeds Of Cattle (2nd ed.)? – A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds.

[coc-1] ?.? ^?.? ^?.? ^?.? ?????????? (???-????????) (????? ????). "???????????? ???????????????" (in My). ???????????????????????? ??? (???? ??????): ???-???. ??????????????.

[2] ????????????????????? ??/???? (????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????)?

[3] ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????

[4] Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. De Oeros – Het spoor terug (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by The Extinction Website: Bos primigenius primigenius. 20 April 2009 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? .

[5] ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????

[6] Abidan, ?????????-?????? ???????

[cterm-7] Cattle Terminology? experiencefestival.com? 1 April 2008 ???? ????????? ?????????????????

[8] "Definition of heifer"? Merriam-Webster? 22 August 2007 ???? ???????? ???????????????? ? 29 November 2006 ???? ????????????

[MD-9] ?.? ^?.? Delbridge, Arthur, The Macquarie Dictionary, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991

[10] McIntosh, E., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Clarendon Press, 1967

[11] Delbridge, A, et al., Macquarie Dictionary, The Book Printer, Australia, 1991

[12] FAQs: What is meant by springer cows and heifers? 7 July 2010 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ., Dr. Rick Rasby, Professor of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 6 September 2005. Retrieved: 12 August 2010.

[13] UK Daily Mirror article 5 Jan 2015 7 November 2016 ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? . Retrieved on 6 November 2016

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